7 Organizational Approaches to studying the human body

There are seven organizational approaches to studying the human body. The first would be body planes and body directions. The body can be divided up into three sections, front and back, top to bottom, and left to right. The names of those three planes are the coronal, the transverse, and the sagittal planes. When you are studying organs or tissues you could use this approach to make sure the job gets done to the most accurate degree. Looking at the lungs, brains, and joints can be difficult sometimes so in that case you would use the body and planes approach.The body can be studied also according to the body cavity approach and by looking at the major internal organs. Most of the time that you see this approach being used the reasoning is to look deeper into the body and find disease. When conducting a physical exam on someone they may use an approach to identify where your internal organs are placed called the quadrants and regions approach. There are four quadrants, URQ, ULQ, LLQ, and LRQ. There are also nine regions.The nine regions are the right and left hypochondriac, the epigastric region, the right and left lumbar regions and the umbilical region; finally there is the right and left inguinal regions along with the hypogastric regions. This approach works the best when being given a physical exam for school sports or whatever. The next approach that may be used to study the human body would be the anatomy and physiology approach. This approach can be used for studying the structures in the body and how they react to certain things that you may or may not do on a daily basis.This approach is also good for examining and studying cells or the nervous system. Microscopic and macroscopic may sound similar but they are far different. This approach can be best exercised in looking to see how cells combine to make a larger cell. Next on the list is the body systems approach. In this approach you can easily study the circulatory system as well as the respiratory s ystem. The last and final approach that you can study the human body with is the medical specialty approach. In this approach you are able to study the human body for medical use.

A Feminist Criticism of a Farewell to Arms Essay

After finishing A Farewell to Arms, I found it difficult to reconcile Judith Fetterley’s feminist attack of the novel with my own personal opinions. I agree that Hemingway does kick women to the curb in his portrayal of Catherine, but my reasons for pinning this crime on Hemingway are different from hers’. Although she means well, Fetterley makes the ridiculous claim that by portraying Catherine as an angelic, selflessly loving â€Å"woman to end all women,† Hemingway disguises misogynistic attitudes and a deep-seeded hatred towards the XX chromosome. This claim is not supported by the text. If we look at Hemingway through the lens of his own words, we find that his misogyny does not spring from a â€Å"too good to be true† portrait of Catherine, but rather in his tendency to cast her down into the dirt-Catherine is a dependent, baby-manufacturing trap that stifles Lieutenant Henry: â€Å"Poor, poor dear Cat. And this was the price you paid for sleeping together. This was the end of the trap† (320). It is his penchant for sex and his need for womanly comfort that keeps Henry coming back to Catherine, not some notion of â€Å"love† or true connection. This is Hemingway’s misogyny, however unintentional, unmasked. But to get a true sense of this â€Å"anti-Fetterley† feminist view of the novel, it is important too look at the specifics of Hemingway’s construction of Catherine-facts that stand in direct opposition to Fetterley’s stated attacks. First of all, Catherine is not Fetterley’s unique and unattainable goddess-she is an object in Henry’s universe, a feast of sensations but nothing more. She is akin to good food and good drink: â€Å"‘I was made to eat. My God, yes. Eat and drink and sleep with Catherine'† (233). Indeed, Henry’s thoughts about Catherine, both when he is at the front or by her side, mingle with longings for good wine and reflections on sumptuous meals. In Henry’s world, a good Capri would be nice, a nice hunk of cheese would be grand, and sleeping with Catherine would be sublime. These things all equate to the satisfaction of basic human needs. Every now and then, Henry feels a grumbling in his loins-a periodic hunger for the â€Å"cheese† between Catherine’s legs. Hemingway dissolves Catherine into the least common denominator-the object, devoid of meaning or real importance (when Henry isn’t hungry). How can Catherine be an angel, as Fetterley claims, when she is merely an object, a small, rocklike satellite orbiting Planet Henry? This leads us to another aspect of Hemingway’s treatment of Catherine. In the novel, she is a completely dependent and subservient slave to Henry and his desires-she is placed firmly under his heel. This is evident from her dialogue: â€Å"‘I’m good. Aren’t I good? You don’t want any other girls, do you?†¦ You see? I’m good. I do what you want'† (106). Through her words, we get a sense that the only thing that concerns Catherine is the level of Henry’s satisfaction. She needs his approval; he is the beginning and end of her world. This dependency resurfaces many times in the novel. In Milan, Catherine works herself to the bone all day, so that she can have sex with Henry all night. Throughout this period, her greatest worry is that she doesn’t tack up to the girls that he has had in the past: â€Å"‘I’ll say just what you wish and I’ll do what you wish and then you will never want any other girls'† (105). When she is pregnant, her thoughts and concerns continue to center completely around Henry’s happiness: â€Å"‘But after she’s born and I’m thin again I’m going to cut it (her hair) and then I’ll be a fine new and different girl for you'† (304). Even during her long and arduous labor, Catherine’s single worry is that she is a burden on Henry: â€Å"‘Oh, I wanted so o have this baby and not make trouble, and now I’m all done and all gone to pieces and it doesn’t work'† (322). Fetterley might claim that this amounts to â€Å"selfless-love,† but I think this phrase gives Catherine (and Hemingway) too much credit. Catherine, as portrayed in the text, seems more like an obedient dog then a virtuous, unselfish being of light; she is like a mutt that serves its master because it has no one else and cannot survive on its own. By the end of the novel, Hemingway succeeds in portraying Catherine as both an object and a docile subject in Lieutenant Henry’s kingdom. This construction diminishes Catherine’s character and allows Henry (and Hemingway) to view her and the baby completely in terms of the burden they entail. They are a â€Å"trap†-flames that burn the log that â€Å"Henry the ant† scurries around on. This makes it much easier for Hemingway to kill off Catherine and wash Henry’s hands of all responsibility-the final pieces in his misogynistic puzzle. This harsh take is a more tenable alternative to Fetterley’s feminist attacks on the novel.

Causes And Effects Of Poverty And Homeless People

Jazonte Mcnatt Philbrook English IV 11/6/14 NC Graduation Project In North Carolina the problem that is needed to be addressed is poverty and homeless people throughout the entire state. Some of the problems the are leading causes to poverty and homeless people is unemployment, which is leading to less to none employment opportunities Leading Causes of Poverty†, and income disparity which is leading to many families to not be able to pay bills, buy, or manage income. With the current issue of the causes and effects of poverty and Homelessness in North Carolina, I had to complete community service hours at the Hoke Emergency Liaison Program or H.E.L.P to see the issue first hand. The Organization has had many years dealing with the big issue to this very and is still going to make sure they can help every person they can and to get rid of homelessness and poverty. What is poverty? Poverty can have all different meanings to everybody. For example The World Bank organization believe poverty is not having enough money to me et basic needs including food, clothing and shelter. Also In addition to a lack of money, poverty is about not being able to participate in recreational activities, not being able to send children on a day trip with their schoolmates or to a birthday party, and not being able to pay for medications for an illness. Mainly poverty is the state of being extremely poor but not always homeless and unable to pay some necessity. Even though many people may beShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Homelessness Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and effects of homelessness in industrialized countries Student Name Institution â€Æ' Introduction Homelessness is the lack of a place to leave or sleep especially during the night. Homeless people do not have proper housing, security and most of them sleep in different places depending on various conditions. Homelessness definition can vary in countries or in various regions in the same country. According to Evans, L., Strathdee in the book â€Å"A roof is not enough†, he explainsRead MoreSolutions for the Social Problem of Poverty in the United States907 Words   |  4 Pages Poverty is a common social issue that has troubled the United States for a countless number of years. Poverty is considered deprivation. It is when we are deprived of the things we need to function properly in society. Education, food and shelter are things that individuals struggling through poverty lack. Poverty is subjective because anyone can differ on the level of deprivation we suffer that describes the state of poverty. Some people even want to include the ability to go on foreign holidaysRead MoreHomeless in The United States 1309 Words   |  6 PagesDefinitions of homelessness are defined in different meanings by different people. However, the Stewart B. McKinney Act defines a homeless person as â€Å" one who lacks a fixed permanent nighttime residence or whose nighttime residence is a temporary shelter, welfare hotel, or any public or private place not designed as sleeping accommodations for human beings† (McNamara 1025). It is impossible to find out exactly the number of homeless; however, the researchers can do a study to estimate that number. BasedRead MoreSocial Issues Of The Community And One Of Them Is Poverty986 Words   |  4 Pagesand one of them is poverty. In 2013, fourteen and a half percent of the people in the United States were in poverty (Feeding America). Poverty tends to result from unemployment, low income, or a lack of education (Poverties.org). To begin with, Poverty is a big social issue that needs to be stopped as it leads to crime, hunger, and homelessness. It can rot communities from the inside out. If people could tackle this at home then they could more easily help with global issues. People should get involvedRead Morepoverty should be fixed1167 Words   |  5 Pages Poverty should be fixed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poverty is one of the most serious issues in the world. When one drives around Los Angeles, the person can easily find homeless people who beg for money on freeway off ramps or look for food in garbage cans. People should not neglect them being on the streets because it is unsafe and unclean. The rate of poverty consistently increases every year. Shah states â€Å"According to UNICEF, 22,000 children die each day due to poverty. And they ‘die quietly in some of theRead MoreWhy Do People Become Homelss1750 Words   |  7 PagesM1 ASSIGNMENT WHY PEOPLE BECOME HOMELESS AND WHY IT DOESN’T STOP LAVERNA MOORER ARGOSY UNIVERSITY Abstract This paper is going to present to you why people become homeless and why it does not stop Homelessness is a problem that have getting out of hands because of not addressing the situation on time. The focus is not so much the why but, if it will ever stop. Homelessness is a phenomenon that has so much to address research has been done; it was discover that for our government to concentrateRead MoreChild Hunger in the USA Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States is known as the wealthiest country in the world. But, there are many people that cant afford to buy food for their families, many are also homeless. â€Å"While hunger affects people of all ages, its particularly devastating for children even short-term episodes of hunger can cause lasting damage.(â€Å"Child Nutrition Programs) Child hunger in the United States is caused by poverty, unemployment, food insecurity, and food shortage; however there are many solutions to this problem likeRead MorePersuasive Essay On Ho melessness1698 Words   |  7 PagesStates, there are many people who are homeless and without jobs to help them survive. Many mothers and fathers are struggling to keep their homes while others are already out in New York streets trying to seek help. Those who are already on the streets are seeking charity from others as the walk by them. And to stop this from ever happening there should be more shelters, jobs, and help/supporters. Within the streets of New York youll see many homeless people living on the streetsRead MoreThe Main Causes And Prevention Strategies Of Homelessness1193 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The main causes and prevention strategies of homelessness are briefly explained in this paper. The main cause of homelessness for the past 20-25 years is Poverty and Foreclosure, they are discussed in detail in this paper. Some strategies to stop homelessness are also discussed clearly. In this paper, we explicitly have discussed about the various measures to eradicate the homelessness and poverty. Introduction Homelessness is described as the state where people are deprived ofRead MorePoverty And Mental Health : Poverty Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty and Mental Health Poverty effects us all in society money can cause all different types of types of stress. Some of the subjects I will be going over is how mental illness can be a contributing factor to poverty, drug addictions and the solutions I believe would assist with these illnesses, and the employment opportunities that are effected by addictions and mental disorders. Sometimes this stress can lead to a mental disorder or in some cases addictions depending on how one manages financial

Why do teenagers indulge in alcoholism and smoking

1 October 2013 Why do teenagers indulge in alcoholism and smoking? In today’s society many teenagers are introduced to new ideas every day. Teenage years often include adjusting to new people, and experimenting and trying out many unfamiliar ideas. As a teenager some maybe naà ¯ve and not fully think of consequences, and or long term effects of indulging in these type of activities. The cause for teenagers indulging in alcoholism and smoking can be many reasons. For some teens, peer pressure, curiosity, and also stress can all play major roles in why one might choose to indulge in alcoholism and smoking. Alcoholism is an addiction to the consumption of alcoholic liquor or the mental illness and compulsive behavior resulting from†¦show more content†¦They may turn to these two activities because of the feeling it gives them. When one is stressed out they may feel like they just want a place of comfort, or a peaceful place in their mind that makes them feel good. For some to feel thi s way they turn to activities such as drinking, and smoking. Every year more than 300,000 kids under the age of 18 start smoking. Also, some researchers from â€Å"BBC News† stated that alcohol and smoking combined, greatly reduce the sperm count of a young male. The more they smoke and drink the lower count, combined with marijuana there is a very small chance of getting a girl pregnant. Researchers from â€Å"BBC News† also stated that only 17% of kids under 18 years old indulge in tobacco products. Young people consuming all kinds of substances is drastically growing each and every year. For some teens peer pressure, curiosity, and also stress can all play major roles in why one might choose to indulge in alcoholism and smoking. Many teens are involved in activities such as alcoholism and smoking in their everyday lives. Not realizing the effects these two can have on teenagers is a problem that many do not think about. These are the many reasons why teenagers indul ge in activities such as alcoholism and smoking in todayShow MoreRelatedWhy Are Lgbt Students Committing Suicide More Than Non Transgender Students?1559 Words   |  7 Pagesthat perturbed my mind was Why are LGBT students committing suicide more than non-LGBT students? What factors are responsible for the massive suicide? Lesbians, gays, bisexual and transgender and heterosexual people are all members of a community, however, the society finds it difficult to accept them as members of the society instead they are being discriminated against. This makes the LGBT teenager to indulge in some malicious act such drinking alcohol, smoking, taking drugs and sleeping aroundRead MoreWhat Is Conformity?2510 Words   |  10 Pagesoffer informative outlook in relation to conformity, together with factors that influence adolescents. Many individuals argue that the tendency of conforming tends to decrease as an individual ages. It is obvious that adolescents together with teenagers happen to be affected more with conformity issues. One of the main common activities that adolescents tend to conform to happens to be substance abuse. Alcohol is one of the common used intoxicants by adolescents in the world. The rates of alcoholRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Our Life3393 Words   |  14 Pages16 -21 years old, we must first understand the underlying factors that contribute to why teenagers and young adults decide to take drugs to begin with. Firstly, what does the word â€Å"Drug† actually mean? According to the World Health Organisation, a drug is a natural or synthetic substance which affects the functioning or structure of the physiological processes in the human body. These drugs also include smoking and the consumption of alcohol. These drugs can lead to â€Å"drug abuse† over a period of Read MoreSubstance Abuse15082 Words   |  61 Pageswithdrawal symptoms are produced. This withdrawal syndrome is experienced as sickness, stomach upset and muscular pain. Hallucinations and convulsions may also occur. EXPLAIN WHY ALCOHOL IS A DRUG Alcohol is a drug because it affects the body tissues and as a result influences behaviour. BRIEFLY OUTLINE THREE REASONS WHY PEOPLE BECOME DEPENDENT ON DRUGS People become dependent on drugs because of curiosity, believing drugs will improve mental processes. Fashionable. Thinking they are not addictiveRead MoreIncreasing Crimes7023 Words   |  29 Pageslevel, and due to the extremely harsh penalties that may be imposed for these offenses, it is important to work with a lawyer who can handle cases in federal court. ROOT CAUSES FOR INCREASING CRIME RATES: To a certain extent poverty and unemployment do have their contributions to the increasing crime rates. However, it is not easy to explain away most of the crimes purely based on such simplistic reasoning. Here we examine some of the root causes behind rising crime rates. * INCOMPLETE EDUCATIONRead MoreSocial Networking Sites-Boon/Bane15517 Words   |  63 Pageslives, there are advantages and disadvantages that come along with them. For example, you can make a friend from Timbuktu and on the flip side your account can get hacked and you can find yourself in a big mess. A recent research revealed that teenagers tend to hide the real stuff by using code language you may never understand. Teens are basically using them to stop parents and employers from judging them on the basis of their social activities such as partying, drinking and drugs. Instead of

Huck and Jim in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

A flat character is one that stays the same throughout a book or story, and a round character is one that changes throughout the book due to challenges they face and resolve. While Huck and Jim are two very important characters throughout the book, it could be argued that they are flat or round. Neither change very much, but each have small discoveries. Throughout the book, Huck is independent and easy going. He never wants to be kept down or tied to one place. Even though he is the main character, he does not change very much during the book. Even at the end, he refuses a home saying, â€Å"She’s going to adopt me and civilize me and I can’t stand it. I been there before.† (Twain, 338.) Huck could have had a home with Aunt Sally, but chose†¦show more content†¦Jim is also a relatively flat character. He goes through the novel with very little change in his character. He is always superstitious, but also is very accepting of people. One example of his s uperstitions is, â€Å"And [Jim] said that handling a snake-skin was such awful bad luck that maybe we hadn’t got to the end of it yet.† (Twain, 64.) Jim always adheres to his superstitions, and in a way they govern his life. Even when Tom and Huck are attempting to set Jim free near the end of the book, Jim goes along with all their crazy machinations. This is similar to his superstitions, because he is willing to do silly things, since he believes they are essential to gaining freedom. Just as Huck does make some changes, so does Jim. At first Jim is willing to accept the â€Å"king† and the â€Å"duke.† But, after having to deal with all their schemes and the way they tie him up and are rude, Jim wishes they were gone. He tells Huck, â€Å"I doan’ mine one er two kings, but dat’s enough. Dis one’s powerful drunk, en de duke ain’ much better.† (Twain, 158.) While he didn’t mind them at first, he realizes what th ey are really like, and is beginning to dislike them. While one can argue that Huck and Jim are flat or round characters, they are in truth, flat characters with round characteristics. BothShow MoreRelatedIn â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† Huck and Jim both endure many hardships, and they struggle1200 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† Huck and Jim both endure many hardships, and they struggle daily in search of their freedom. Huck is a young free spirited boy that loves adventure and lacks the necessity of civilization; his partner in crime is Jim, a runaway slave. As Huck and Jim float down the Mississippi River they are faced with an overwhelming amount of difficult situations and circumstances. Some of the struggles that Huck and Jim experience are slavery, society, civilization, natureRead MorePower Roles between Jim and Huck in Mark Twain ´s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn838 Words   |  4 PagesWith Huck and Jim unknowingly fighting to retain power aboard the raft, their friendship becomes stronger even with society’s various attempts to split the two apart. Throughout the book, Huck and Jim switch power roles during their time on the raft. Life on the raft is portrayed as a democracy, but in reality, it is a dictatorship with the in power controlling and influencing all decisions made on the raft. One noticeable occurrence of Jim possessing the power is after Huck and Jim’s separationRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn And Its Characterization951 Words   |  4 PagesBouchey Eng. Hon. 2nd 3 March 2016 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and its Characterization In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, there is a large use of characterization to develop the characters and is influenced by the time period. Mark Twain was born in 1835, and lived to see the Civil War start. This is a big influence on his writing, because his two most famous works, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. They both take place in the time beforeRead MoreEssay Symbolism: the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1207 Words   |  5 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, uses various concrete objects, such as rivers, to symbolize a diverse range of feelings, emotions, and even actions. The ultimate symbol in the novel is the Mississippi River. Rivers often times symbolize life itself, they are the flux of the world in manifestation, the macrocosm (Cooper, 139) (Protas, Allison). River symbolism is based around water in movement (Fraim, John). On the riverÂ…Huck and JimRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn800 Words   |  4 Pages The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an action-packed adventure about Huckleberry Finn, an extraordinary young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. The author, Mark Twain, established rigid conflict and left his readers in disbelief over some of the occurrences in the book. All adventure long, Huck and his comrades must adapt to keep their dreams alive. Huck becomes a better person from experiencing all the hardships that he endured, whether it is being thankful for his friends or becomingRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesJhonatan Zambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of theRead MoreCommentary on Mark Twain ´s Huckleberry Finn742 Words   |  3 Pagesby Mark Twain; Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.† Mark Twain’s historical fiction, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is about a boy, Huckleberry, and a runaway slave, Jim. Huck decides to fake his death and runaway. Eventually, Jim and Huck run into each other and together they travel down the Mississippi River. They encounter many obstacles in their way, but overcome anything that comes their way. Although this book has been rejected by many schools, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is essential toRead MoreHuckleberry Finn - Thesis1521 Words   |  7 Pagesemulate. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Twain shows us two Sides of the coin by putting good role models for huck such as: Judge Thatcher, Widow Douglas, And many more. On the other side he shows us also bad examples of role models, characters like Pap, the king, and the duke. Throughout the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain Shows us through Huck the importance of a role model in ones life. Throughout the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn we meet manyRead More The Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn829 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Aristotle was once asked what he thought friendship was. His response was, One soul inhabiting two bodies. This was the kind of relationship that Huckleberry Finn and Jim shared in Mark Twains epic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This novel is a tool that Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemmons, was using to impress the great benefits of friendship upon society. However, others feelRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, uses various concrete objects, such as rivers, to symbolize a diverse range of feelings, emotions, and even actions. The ultimate symbol in the novel is the Mississippi River. Rivers often times symbolize life itself, they are the flux of the world in manifestation, the macrocosm (Cooper, 139) (Protas, Allison). River symbolism is based around water in movement (Fraim, John). On the riverÂ…Huck and Jim

Virtual Private Network (VPN) Computer Networks

Question: Discuss about the Report for Virtual Private Network (VPN) of Computer Networks. Answer: Introduction A virtual private network (VPN) is an expansion of the corporate network linking the companies and remote employees at different geographical areas through public networks like internet so that secure network connection establishes [1]. The term virtual is used in the sense that the physical network is not held by the individual user of the network but it is the public network. The term private is used to indicate the privacy of the traffic flow over VPN. This report discusses the implementation of two types of VPN Multiple business sites and Tele worker. The functionalities, security features, advantages, disadvantages, applications, extension of the network are discussed. Virtual Private Network (VPN) and types For expansion of the companys computer network, beyond its local geographical area, Wide Area Network (WAN) can be used. WAN uses leased lines like ISDN and Optical carrier to provide network coverage [13, 14]. The major advantages of WAN over Internet are performance, security and reliability. But the drawbacks of WAN are that the installation and maintenance of WAN is expensive, particularly if the distance between the remote offices increases. Hence, now-a-days companies build their own Virtual Private Network (VPN) which is a easy solution to the installation and maintenance cost. In VPN, secured virtual connections between remote users are routed through the Internet via the companys private network instead of dedicated leased lines. The major advantages of VPN are reduced operational costs, improved security, scalability, reliability and simplified network topology. Figure 1 illustrates the structure of Virtual Private Network. There are two types of VPN Remote Access VPN and Site-to-Site VPN Figure 1 Illustration of Virtual Private Network Site-to-Site VPN with GRE Tunnels Implementation (without IPsec protection) Companies located at different sites are connected through Site-to-Site VPN over Internet. It is of two types Intranet VPN and Extranet VPN. Intranet VPN permits connections between LAN to LAN to connect the same company located at remote locations. Extranet VPN permits connections between LAN to LAN to connect a company with another company which is in close association, like partners so that a collaborative environment exists [15]. Figure 2 shows the network diagram of site-to-site VPN connection. Figure 2 - Network Diagram of Site to Site VPN connection The VPNs use the mechanism of tunneling for transmission in the network. An entire packet is placed within another packet and sent over the network. The interfaces where the packet enters and leaves the network are called tunnel interfaces. Three protocols are used in tunneling. Carrier Protocol is used by the network Encapsulating Protocol which is used to cover the original data Passenger Protocol used to represent the original data In Site-to-Site VPN, Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is the protocol generally used for encapsulation. Generic Route Encapsulation (GRE) encapsulates the packets with a GRE header and the packets travel inside a GRE tunnel. They are not encrypted by GRE. The Point-to-Point (PPP) protocols at layer 2 used in remote access VPNs for tunneling are Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F), Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) and Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). Security Features Firewall acts as a barrier between the secured internal network and the public Internet which is not trusted [4]. The type of packets to be passed through the network, the number of open ports and the protocols to be allowed are restricted by the firewall. VPNs provide secured connection between two remotely located sites. A combination of firewalls and VPN establishes both trust and privacy between the two sites. Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) servers provide secured connection for Remote Access VPN [9]. Authentication checks for the valid user, Authorization checks for the granting of services which may be restricted, and Accounting checks for the consumption of network resources for billing, planning etc., Advantages Low cost of VPN with no use of leased lines. Scalability that means adaptability if the organization grows. Disadvantages Security Issues arise since the data packets are not protected by GRE. Different vendors use different VPN technologies and they may not be compatible. Applications Suited for organizations which have geographically separated offices and virtual connections established in the network with less attention to security issues. Site-to-Site VPN with GRE Tunnels using IPsec ESP Implementation IPSec, which is layer 3 protocol, is suited for both remote-access and site-to-site VPNs. If the data packets encapsulated by GRE are to be protected, IPSec must be configured. Then the GRE tunnel is converted into a secure VPN GRE tunnel through the addition of IPSec. With the use of Generic Route Encapsulation (GRE) tunnels in addition to IPSec, Multi Protocol traffic can be carried between the two sites. It also enables the end stations to use private address space rather than registered IP addresses by means of encapsulating the IP packet in tunnelling protocol. It is illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3 - Generic Route Encapsulation as the carrier protocol of IP The payload of an IP packet is encrypted using Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). It is illustrated in Figure 4. Figure 4 IPSec Encapsulating Security Payload The header provides the protocol carried in the payload. The encryption transforms used in ESP are Data Encryption Standard (DES) and NULL encryption algorithms. Security Features Through Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), better encryption algorithms and authentication schemes are provided [7]. Encryption is the process of encoding the data to be transmitted into a form such that only the intended computer will decode the data [10, 11]. There are two types of encryption Symmetric-key encryption and Public-key encryption. In Symmetric-key encryption, the same private key is used by both the sender and the receiver to encrypt and decrypt the data. In public-key encryption, public key is used for encryption and private key is used for decryption. There are two encryption modes in IPSec Tunnel and Transport. The payload alone is encrypted in Transport mode while both the header and payload are encrypted in Tunnel mode. Data transmitted between various devices such as router-router, Firewall-router, PC-router and PC-Server are encrypted by IPSec. Advantages Low cost and scalability. Flexibility for business partners to have secured virtual connections to the network. Secured communication among the users. Disadvantages VPNs require a thorough understanding of the security issues of the public network and proper methods have to be deployed to overcome the issues. Implementation of VPNs needs additional protocols other than IP and hence they should be able to accommodate them. The performance of the VPN and its availability largely depends on external factors and hence not able to control. Applications Suited for organizations which have geographically separated offices and secured communication between them is an essential criterion. Remote Access VPN (Telework connectivity) without cryptographic technology It is also called Virtual Private Dial-up Network (VPDN). It enables the remote employees of the company to be connected to the private network through Enterprise Service Provider (ESP). The ESP provides a Network Access Server (NAS) and the desktop client software is used by the remote users to access the corporate network. Figure 5 shows the network diagram of Remote Access VPN. Figure 5 Network diagram of Remote Access VPN A NAS is the server which connects the user with the internet and provides access to the VPN by valid user authentication. The tunnelled connection to a Network Access Server is set up by the client software by its Internet address. Advantages It incurs low cost for the implementation of remote access VPN. Remote workers can easily communicate with the office. Disadvantages Security Issues If the computer used to connect remote access VPN is not provided by the company, it is susceptible to security issues like virus which may also affect the company network [5, 6]. Applications Remote-access VPN uses public network like internet to access the organizations network. Hence they are largely employed where the remote employees uses wi-fi or other technologies to access the internet and get connected to their corporate network. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) VPN for remote access IPSec or SSL is used by the remote-access VPN to establish secure connection to the network [3]. SSL VPN can be used with the standard web browser which does not require the installation of specialized client software as in the case of IPSec. It allows the remote users to access the client/server applications, web applications and internal network applications. SSL protocol or Transport Layer Security Protocol (TLS) is used to encrypt the traffic between SSL VPN device and web browser. Advantages SSL VPN provides secured network access to remote employees and also they provide some limited network access to business partners. This greatly improves the business productivity while maintaining security. Disadvantages Network Traffic Many simultaneous VPN connections increase the network traffic and slow down the speed and reduce the bandwidth. Network Delays and disconnections Since the virtual connections are made through public network, delays and disconnections may occur. Since the authentication has to be re-established after disconnection, it incurs additional delay. Applications SSL VPN finds applications in organization where remote employees need secured access to the corporate network thus improving business productivity and reducing the communication costs. VPN design and implementation factors The factors to be considered in VPN design and implementation are: Type of VPN Remote Access or Site-to-Site or combination Application to be met time constraints, bandwidth requirement, security requirements etc.,[2] Required levels of protection Authentication, Encryption etc., Scalability of the network geographical span, cost of implementation etc., Support and Management of the network Policies and Configuration, Authentication, accounting, QOS, Routing and backup paths etc.,[8] Maintenance of the Network By contractor or ISP, cost factor etc., VPN Implementation considerations The following factors are to be considered in the implementation of Site-to-Site VPN. Access Control: The business partners are not allowed to access all the information of the company and they should have limited access. Data Confidentiality: The data should be hidden while travelling through the partners intranet. The factors to be considered in the implementation of Remote Access VPN are Data Confidentiality and authentication, addressing and routing issues and multiprotocol support. To build the optimal virtual networks across multiple domains is an essential technology to offer flexible services [12]. Conclusion This report discusses the implementation of two types of VPN Multiple business sites and Tele worker. The principle behind Virtual Private Network is explained with its types. The implementation of both networks with and without IPSec, applications, advantages and disadvantages are summarized. The security and tunneling methods of VPN are discussed. The design and implementation factors are analyzed. References A comprehensive guide to virtual private networks. IBM Corp., 1999. Cui and M. A. Bassiouni, Virtual private network bandwidth management with traffic prediction,Computer Networks, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 765778, 2003. Mao, L. Zhu, and H. Qin, A Comparative Research on SSL VPN and IPSec VPN,2012 8th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2012. Cameron and N. R. Wyler, Defining a Firewall,Juniper Networks Secure Access SSL VPN Configuration Guide, pp. 145, 2007. Utilizing Virtual Private Network (VPN) Technology for Remote Access Connectivity,Building Cisco Remote Access Networks, pp. 113149, 2000. Lee, J. Nah, and K. Jung, The remote access to IPsec-VPN gateway over mobile IPv6,The 7th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, 2005. Adeyinka, Analysis of problems associated with IPSec VPN Technology,2008 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008. Zeng and N. Ansari, Toward IP virtual private network quality of service: a service provider perspective,IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 113119, 2003. Sampalli, Security in Virtual Private Networks,Network Security, pp. 5163. Understanding Authentication and Encryption,Virtual Private Networking A Construction, Operation and Utilization Guide, pp. 2352, 2005. G. Krishnan and V. Wilson, Improving security in a virtual network by using attribute based encryption algorithm,2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), 2016. Mano, T. Inoue, D. Ikarashi, K. Hamada, K. Mizutani, and O. Akashi, Efficient Virtual Network Optimization across Multiple Domains without Revealing Private Information,IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, pp. 11, 2016. QOS Capabilities for Building MPLS VPN,IJSR International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 22472251, May 2016. Firewalls and Virtual Private Networks - Wiley: Home. [Online]. Available: https://www.wiley.com/legacy/compbooks/press/0471348201_09.pdf. Virtual Private Networks - Washington University... [Online]. Available: https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cis788-99/ftp/h_7vpn.pdf.

Romantism Essays - Lecturers, Civil Disobedience,

Romantism And Rationalism Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century. The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century holds in its topics the ideals of the time period, concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing." The Romantic era was one that focused on the commonality of humankind and, while using emotion and nature; the poets and their works shed light on people's universal natures. Romanticism as a movement declined in the late 19th century and early 20th century with the growing dominance of Realism in the literature and the rapid advancement of science and technology. However, Romanticism was very impressionative on most individuals during its time. Rationalism or Realism was erected during the mid 19th century. Realism are ideas that are brought up in philosophical thinking. The realistic movement of the late 19th century saw authors accurately depict life and it's problems. Realists attempted to give a comprehensive picture of modern life by presenting the entire picture. They did not try to give one view of life but instead attempted to show the different classes, manners, and stratification of life. The Rationalist recognizes that they must master their own destiny, using their unique powers of reason and the scientific method to solve problems. Such authors that represent these two eras are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Wordsworth and Charles Darwin. Romantics believed that one needed to understand nature to understand oneself. In other words, only through nature could one discover who they are. Emerson shows this in his writing called "Nature". In the exert "...man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature." This depicts Emerson's feelings toward nature; view nature as you view yourself. If one views nature as caring and compassionate, one will also see themselves as caring and compassionate. Similarly if you understand nature you will know yourself better. As one gains wisdom from nature, one begins to realize that understanding is a gate way to the divine as well as to oneself. Other writers also agreed with this notion of nature. In the essay "Walden" by Thoreau, Thoreau had left society to move into a shelter outside of his town. By living on only the necessities he lived his life as simple as he could, thus finding the divine within himself. By being separate from society and being one with yourself are the only ways one can find the divine. Thoreau felt by doing this society would have a harder time to mold him into what it wanted him to think. Thoreau left a life of luxury for "voluntary poverty". Even though he was "poorer in his outward riches" he was wealthy in his "inward riches". A good number of romantic views of Nature suggested using Nature as ones tool to learn. This is evident in William Wordsworth's poem "The Tables Turned. In the poem "The Tables Turned" Wordsworth states to "quit your books [for it is] a dull and endless strife[;] enough of Science; close up those barren leaves." Wordsworth believed piece that books were useless to learn from. He believed that we should "Let Nature be [our] Teacher [for it]...may teach you more of man [and] moral good and evil[, more] than all the sages can." Wordsworth agreed with the previous notion that to understand the divine and oneself, they must first start with understanding Nature. This View of studying Nature is taken one step further by Charles Darwin. Perhaps the most appealing quality of Darwin's work was that it accounted for phenomenon in a purely naturalistic manner. It was the most scientific explanation yet, completely removing the supernatural explanation, and setting him apart from the theorists before him. The major unsettled scientific question of Darwin's Theory was be in regards to natural selection as the mechanism for change, which became the issue among the general public as well. It took several years for the idea of natural selection to become accepted within the scientific community. Darwin's work was not immediately accepted as science. In a sense, he was revolutionary, not just for proposing an explanation of evolution that removed the supernatural element, but also for the fact that he was able to present his ideas to the scientific community in an unconventional manner, through speculative thought. The essential idea in Darwinian evolutionary thought is that species are not immutable. The prevailing assumption prior to Darwin was that species were immutable ( i.e. fixed in their characteristics). This idea was held in opposition to the evidence that humans had been doing selective breeding on cattle, horses, birds, fruit Romantism Essays - Lecturers, Civil Disobedience, Romantism And Rationalism Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century. The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century holds in its topics the ideals of the time period, concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing." The Romantic era was one that focused on the commonality of humankind and, while using emotion and nature; the poets and their works shed light on people's universal natures. Romanticism as a movement declined in the late 19th century and early 20th century with the growing dominance of Realism in the literature and the rapid advancement of science and technology. However, Romanticism was very impressionative on most individuals during its time. Rationalism or Realism was erected during the mid 19th century. Realism are ideas that are brought up in philosophical thinking. The realistic movement of the late 19th century saw authors accurately depict life and it's problems. Realists attempted to give a comprehensive picture of modern life by presenting the entire picture. They did not try to give one view of life but instead attempted to show the different classes, manners, and stratification of life. The Rationalist recognizes that they must master their own destiny, using their unique powers of reason and the scientific method to solve problems. Such authors that represent these two eras are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Wordsworth and Charles Darwin. Romantics believed that one needed to understand nature to understand oneself. In other words, only through nature could one discover who they are. Emerson shows this in his writing called "Nature". In the exert "...man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature." This depicts Emerson's feelings toward nature; view nature as you view yourself. If one views nature as caring and compassionate, one will also see themselves as caring and compassionate. Similarly if you understand nature you will know yourself better. As one gains wisdom from nature, one begins to realize that understanding is a gate way to the divine as well as to oneself. Other writers also agreed with this notion of nature. In the essay "Walden" by Thoreau, Thoreau had left society to move into a shelter outside of his town. By living on only the necessities he lived his life as simple as he could, thus finding the divine within himself. By being separate from society and being one with yourself are the only ways one can find the divine. Thoreau felt by doing this society would have a harder time to mold him into what it wanted him to think. Thoreau left a life of luxury for "voluntary poverty". Even though he was "poorer in his outward riches" he was wealthy in his "inward riches". A good number of romantic views of Nature suggested using Nature as ones tool to learn. This is evident in William Wordsworth's poem "The Tables Turned. In the poem "The Tables Turned" Wordsworth states to "quit your books [for it is] a dull and endless strife[;] enough of Science; close up those barren leaves." Wordsworth believed piece that books were useless to learn from. He believed that we should "Let Nature be [our] Teacher [for it]...may teach you more of man [and] moral good and evil[, more] than all the sages can." Wordsworth agreed with the previous notion that to understand the divine and oneself, they must first start with understanding Nature. This View of studying Nature is taken one step further by Charles Darwin. Perhaps the most appealing quality of Darwin's work was that it accounted for phenomenon in a purely naturalistic manner. It was the most scientific explanation yet, completely removing the supernatural explanation, and setting him apart from the theorists before him. The major unsettled scientific question of Darwin's Theory was be in regards to natural selection as the mechanism for change, which became the issue among the general public as well. It took several years for the idea of natural selection to become accepted within the scientific community. Darwin's work was not immediately accepted as science. In a sense, he was revolutionary, not just for proposing an explanation of evolution that removed the supernatural element, but also for the fact that he was able to present his ideas to the scientific community in an unconventional manner, through speculative thought. The essential idea in Darwinian evolutionary thought is that species are not immutable. The prevailing assumption prior to Darwin was that species were immutable ( i.e. fixed in their characteristics). This idea was held in opposition to the evidence that humans had been doing selective breeding on cattle, horses, birds, fruit